By Grace Moon / NBC News
SEOUL, South Korea — It took Thomas Streetman two hours to walk out his front door,
take a cab to the public health center, get tested for the coronavirus and make it back to his apartment. Streetman, 32, an Ohio native — who had a slight fever — was greeted with blue tents scattered across a surprisingly barren street. Medical staff clad head to toe in hazmat suits conducted screenings as
another staff member fogged the sidewalk with disinfectant spray.
“It was almost militaristic,” said Streetman, who has lived in the South Korean capital for almost a decade. “They stuck a long swab up my nose pretty deep. It felt like a button poked my nerves and released my sinuses.”
Streetman, who works as a marketing manager at a gaming company in Seoul, received his negative results
in less than 24 hours and is now one of more than 327,000 people out of the country’s 51 million-strong population to have been tested for the coronavirus in South Korea since the country confirmed its first case
Jan. 21. The U.S., which confirmed its first case the same day, is suffering from the repercussions of a weeks-late start in obtaining test kits.
Full coverage of the coronavirus outbreak
Since March 11, South Korea has seen a general decline in the number of new coronavirus cases, some as low
as 74 and 76 each day — a stark comparison to its peak of 909 cases Feb. 29. The U.S. is one of many countries that has followed South Korea’s lead by beginning to install drive-thru testing hubs at CVS, but the slow installations come at a time of national panic with over 80 million Americans already under lock down.
This is how South Korea flattened its coronavirus curve.
Early testing, detection, prevention
News that China had reported its first case of the coronavirus was enough reason for South Korean leaders
and medical staff to brace themselves for the worst. “Acting fast was the most important decision South Korea made,” said Hwang Seung-Sik, a professor at Seoul National University’s Graduate School of Public Health.
By early February, the first test had been approved. Active collaboration among central and regional government officials and medical staff took place before cases began piling up, enabling South Korea’s current testing capacity
of 20,000 people a day at 633 sites, including drive-thru centers and even phone booths.
The collaborative effort was underway just 11 days after “Patient 31,” a member of a
secretive religious group called the Shincheonji Church, caused an explosion of infections in Daegu,
a major city 170 miles southeast of Seoul. Early testing meant early detection of infections
in South Korea, where a relatively larger proportion of patients showed either no symptoms or very mild ones,
according to Hwang.
“Among Shincheonji members, there were many 20- and 30-year-olds who were infected. Many of them may have never even known they were carrying the virus and recovered easily while silently infecting those around them,” Hwang said. “Early testing is why Korea hasn’t reached its breaking point yet.” Under South Korea’s single-payer health care system, getting tested costs $134. But with a doctor’s referral or for those who’ve made contact with an infected person, testing is free. Even undocumented foreigners are urged to get tested and won’t face threats due to their status.
Extensive tracing and mapping
South Korean leaders have amped up efficiency for overwhelmed hospitals by digitally monitoring lower-risk patients under quarantine, as well as keeping close tabs on visiting travelers who are required to enter their symptoms into an app. Sites like Corona Map generate real-time updates about where current patients are located and inform proactive Koreans focused on protecting themselves.
That people are willing to forgo privacy rights and allow the publication of sensitive information underlines the willingness to pay the digital cost of state surveillance in the name of public safety, said professor
Ju Youngkee, who teaches health and data journalism at Hallym University. According to a survey conducted last month by Seoul National University’s Graduate School of Public Health, 78.5 percent of respondents agreed that they would sacrifice the protection of their privacy rights to help prevent a national epidemic.
Public spaces transformed into PSA venues
The refusal by some Britons to follow the government’s social distancing measures in the United Kingdom prompted the closings of thousands of pubs, cafés and restaurants last week, leaving many to consider layoffs and shutting for good. In South Korea, however, reminders from the government aren’t delivered in the form of blanket lockdowns. Commuters wait at platforms and in subway cars as announcements are played in different languages, including English and Chinese.
A female voice lists tips such as “blocking” your mouth when coughing.
The broadcasts are one of many upgrades from the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak — a failing of the South Korean system that cost 38 lives and amounted to 186 cases, the highest number outside the Middle East. Now, hand sanitizer bottles are placed in front
of nearly every entrance and elevator for public use. And of the 1,000 people who took part in
a study by Seoul National University, 97.6 percent responded that they at least sometimes wear a mask when they are outside, 63.6 percent of whom said they always wear one.
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“Wearing masks or self-monitoring alone isn’t foolproof to people in Korea, but taking part in these practices
as a group is believed to have an impact,” said Michael Hurt, who teaches cultural theory at Korea National University of the Arts. “This says that your individual choices may not have immediate benefit to you as an individual but will benefit the herd — that it doesn’t work unless everybody is in the game.”
Cautious hopefulness
Despite its apparently swift recovery from the coronavirus, South Korea may only be entering the beginning stages of what experts suspect may be a long ride ahead. According to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 80 percent of COVID-19 cases can be categorized as mass infections. A call center in southwestern Seoul was at the center of a local outbreak this month that generated more than 156 infections.
About 90 cases were traced to a Zumba class.
“Even though the number of reported cases is declining, this may be painting an illusion of recovery,” Hwang said. “All 210,000 Shincheonji members have been tested, which may account for the decline we’re seeing, but local infection clusters are emerging every day in churches, hospitals and other mundane spaces.” South Korea has already started new testing on all arrivals from Europe, according to local news reports, preparing for a “second wave” of imported clusters. Even those who test negative are required to self-quarantine for 14 days. “We are proceeding with cautious hopefulness,” Hwang said.
South Korea’s return to normal interrupted by uptick in coronavirus cases.
South Korea has been held up as a paragon for containing the coronavirus, lauded by the
world for successfully flattening its curve, it is now bracing for a possible second wave.
But two worlds have emerged in South Korea. In one, everyday life resembles something
closer to normal: There are lines outside restaurants during lunchtime; streets are busier;
some wear masks and some do not. https://www.pnas.org/content/114/35/E7348
The other world, however, keeps its eye firmly on the slight daily uptick in the country’s number of cases. Despite methods like early testing and digital tracing, South Korea is bracing itself for a second wave of infection. The government recently pushed back the new school year, opting for April 6 as the start date. Despite efforts to protect children from being infected with the coronavirus, With over 83 percent of South Korea’s Hwajeong Poly School — test prep centers for students — remain open.
With many parts of the world wondering what a slow return to normal life will look like,
South Korea’s situation offers a warning: The curve doesn’t necessarily stay flat. The first wave of the coronavirus struck South Korea in mid-February after a “superspreader” from
the Shincheonji Church in Daegu, a major city southeast of Seoul, infected worshippers
during a service — a single case that infected more than 6,000 people.
Since then, with the swift implementation of nonpharmaceutical initiatives, like refraining from handshakes and diligently wearing masks, South Korea significantly reduced its number of daily cases from a peak of 909 in late February to as low as 76 and 64 in mid-March. Despite this general decline, 125 new cases were reported last Monday — a slight increase from the previous day, at 78. The new stats also showed a rising death toll.
Local infection clusters have continued to set South Koreans on edge as case numbers fluctuate.
Most recently, a hospital in Daegu, the center of South Korea’s outbreak, experienced another cluster infection, with at least 62 cases. Mannim Central Church in southwestern Seoul confirmed more positive tests, increasing their number to 33. With these slight upticks, it’s clear that South Korea hasn’t fully contained the virus yet.
But local clusters aren’t the only problem.
South Korea is simultaneously coping with an influx of travelers from Europe and the U.S., which has resulted in more than 518 imported cases. How widespread an infection cluster has to be to be considered another “wave” varies. Some local media refer to South Korea’s first confirmed case on Jan. 20 involving a traveler from Wuhan to be the “first wave” and the Shincheonji outbreak to be the second. Dr. Ki Moran, a professor at the National Cancer Center’s Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, said that even the slightest loosening
of social distancing fosters the danger of triggering another mass wave.
“A wave occurs when you see an increase followed by a decrease in the number of cases,
not just once, but the pattern should repeat itself again, which in this case it has,” Ki said.
“Right now our greatest jeopardy is becoming complacent.” In efforts to push back against
this doubled burden, every new arrival as of April 1 will be placed in mandatory quarantine
for 14 days, according to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC).
Those who fail to comply with regulations are subject to imprisonment for up to 1 year or may be fined
up to 10 million won, whereas foreigners risk facing deportation.
Reassessing the realities
How long can South Korea and the rest of the world live in isolation? In the United States alone, more than 3.3 million people filed for unemployment in a week, highlighting the toll this virus has taken on those who cannot afford isolation. Ki said that South Korea is already planning ahead, brainstorming ways the country can practice “everyday distancing” that would introduce more sustainable lifestyle changes rather than temporary campaigns.
For instance, instead of having all children arrive and leave school at the same time, an alternative
would be conducting half of the coursework online and half in-person to reduce
the number of students in class. Rearranging lunch tables so students sit in a zig zag rather
that adjacent to each other is also being taken into consideration. But South Korea’s decision
to further move back the start of the school year points to the continuous disruption that
the coronavirus has inflicted.
“We can’t just delay the entire educational system for a year,” Ki said. As of March 31, 9,786 total cases were confirmed in South Korea, moving the country down to 14th on the list of countries with COVID-19 cases. “Hoping that a vaccine will be developed soon is too optimistic, ” Ki said. “We have to acknowledge the reality of the situation we are in and make a plan.”
Arirang News – [LIVE]
S. KOREAN GOV’T BRIEFING ON COVID-19 (2020-04-04, 11:00 KST)
How contagious is the coronavirus?
New research finds that people are most contagious early on in their illness, before symptoms fully ramp up and the best way to defend it is through a strong immune system. A lab study at the University of Illinois found that vitamin D helps mucus membranes provide a stronger barrier to viruses by increasing the antimicrobial compounds in them. With coronavirus becoming a threat only in recent months, researchers have not yet
had time to test vitamin D directly against it.
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