Understanding Alzheimer’s disease (msn.com)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
How to Diagnose Dementia (msn.com)
There are an estimated 5 million adults living with dementia—and that number grows every year. In fact, by the year 2060, they predict that number will multiply to nearly
14 million. While often referred to as a disease or illness, dementia is a general term to describe the “impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interfere with doing everyday activities.”
While occasionally forgetting a name or misplacing car keys is a normal part of aging, dementia isn’t. Here is everything you need to know about it—including the number one cause of the memory-impairing condition.
A new study of more than 29,000 older adults has identified six habits — from eating a variety of foods to regularly reading or playing cards — that are linked with a lower risk
of dementia and a slower rate of memory decline.
Eating a balanced diet, exercising the mind and body regularly, having regular contact with others, and not drinking or smoking — these six “healthy lifestyle factors” were associated with better cognitive outcomes in older adults, in a large Chinese study conducted over a decade and published in the BMJ on Wednesday.
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The six modifiable lifestyle factors the researchers focused on included:
Physical exercise: Doing at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity per week.
Diet: Eating appropriate daily amounts of at least seven of 12 food items (fruits, vegetables, fish, meat, dairy products, salt, oil, eggs, cereals, legumes, nuts and tea).
Alcohol: Never drank or drank occasionally.
Smoking: Never having smoked or being a former smoker.
Cognitive activity: Exercising the brain at least twice a week
(by reading and playing cards or mah-jongg, for example).
Social contact: Engaging with others at least twice a week (by attending community meetings or visiting friends or relatives, for example). A good day outside,
laughter is good medicine and music is healing.
Over the course of the study, the researchers found that people in the favorable group (four to six healthy factors) and average group (two to three) had a slower rate of memory decline over time than people with unfavorable lifestyles (zero to one healthy factor).
People living favorable lifestyles that included at least four healthy habits
were also less likely to progress to mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
The results show that “more is better of these behaviors,” says Hogervorst — in other words, the more healthy lifestyle factors you can combine, the better your chances of preserving your memory and staving off dementia.
Notably, this held true even for people who carried the APOE gene associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
“These results provide an optimistic outlook, as they suggest that although genetic risk is not modifiable, a combination of more healthy lifestyle factors are associated with a slower rate of memory decline, regardless of the genetic risk,” wrote the study authors.
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The study stands out because of its size and follow-up over time, and because it was conducted in China, whereas “most publications are based on western high income countries,” Carol Brayne, a professor of public health medicine at the University of Cambridge who researches older people and dementia, said in an email.
However, the study authors acknowledge several limitations, including that people’s own reports of health behaviors may not be fully accurate, and that the people who took part in the study were more likely to be leading healthy lives to begin with.
Some of the study’s findings differ from the results of other large studies conducted in the United States and in Europe, says Eef Hogervorst. For instance, the BMJ study found that the lifestyle factor with the greatest effect on reducing memory decline was a balanced diet. Other studies have suggested that diet matters less in old age than physical and mental exercise, says Hogervorst.
Still, its results align with the broad scientific consensus that there is a link between how we live and our cognitive function as we age — and perhaps more important, suggest that it may never be too late to improve your brain health.
“The overall message from the study is a positive one,” Snorri B. Rafnsson, associate professor of aging and dementia at the University of West London, said in an email. “Namely, that cognitive function, and especially memory function, in later life may be positively influenced by regularly and frequently engaging in different health related activities.”
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While researchers have long known that there is a link between dementia and factors
such as social isolation and obesity, the size and scope of the new study adds substantial evidence to a global body of research that suggests a healthy lifestyle may help brains age better. It suggests that the effects of a healthy lifestyle are beneficial even for people who are genetically more susceptible to memory decline — a “very hope-giving” finding for the millions of individuals around the world who carry the APOEε4 gene, a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, said Eef Hogervorst, chair of biological psychology at Loughborough University, who was not involved in the study.
Memory naturally declines gradually as people age.
Some older people may develop dementia, an umbrella term that can include Alzheimer’s, and generally describes a deterioration in cognitive function that goes beyond the normal effects of aging. But for many, “memory loss can merely be senescent forgetfulness,” write the authors of the BMJ study — like forgetting the name of that TV program you used to love, or that pesky fact you wanted to look up.
1 What Is Dementia?
According to the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute on Aging,
dementia is defined as the loss of cognitive functioning and can range from mild to severe. This includes thinking, remembering, and reasoning—in addition to behavioral abilities “to such an extent that it interferes with a person’s daily life and activities,” they explain. “These functions include memory, language skills, visual perception, problem solving,
self-management, and the ability to focus and pay attention.” Furthermore, some people with the condition cannot control their emotions and their overall personality may change.
In worst case scenarios, the person cannot live on their own and has to depend on others to help with basic activities of living. While it is normal to lose neurons during the aging process, in the case of dementia, more of these once-healthy nerve cells stop working,
lose connections with other brain cells, and die. Another thing about dementia? It is progressive, explains Carlyn Fredericks, MD, memory loss expert in Yale Medicine’s Department of Neurology. “Unfortunately, dementia symptoms get worse over time despite our best efforts,” she tells Newsful.
There are several different types of neurodegeneration, as outlined by the CDC.
2 What Are the Types of Dementia and What Happens If You Have Them
Scientists discover there’s five types of Alzheimer’s (msn.com)
Alzheimer’s Disease: Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia, responsible for 60 to 80 percent of cases. It is caused by specific changes in the brain. It usually manifests itself as memory issues—like trouble recalling recent events, including conversations that just occurred. Then, later on, after the disease progresses, someone might have trouble remembering more distant memories. Other issues—difficulty walking or talking or personality changes—are also common later on. The biggest risk factor? Family history. “Having a first-degree relative with Alzheimer’s disease increases the risk of developing it by 10 to 30 percent,” the CDC explains.
Vascular Dementia: Strokes or other blood flow issues can also lead to dementia in the form of what is called vascular dementia, accounting for about 10 percent of cases. Other risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. “Symptoms vary depending on the area and size of the brain impacted. The disease progresses in a step-wise fashion, meaning symptoms will suddenly get worse as the individual gets more strokes or mini-strokes,” explains the CDC.
Lewy Body Dementia: This form of dementia manifests itself in memory loss as well as movement or balance problems like stiffness or trembling. “Many people also experience changes in alertness including daytime sleepiness, confusion or staring spells. They may also have trouble sleeping at night or may experience visual hallucinations (seeing people, objects or shapes that are not actually there),” the CDC explains.
Fronto-Temporal Dementia: Changes in personality and behavior define frontotemporal dementia, named after the part of the brain affected. “People with this condition may embarrass themselves or behave inappropriately. For instance, a previously cautious person may make offensive comments and neglect responsibilities at home or work. There may also be problems with language skills like speaking or understanding,” the CDC explained.
Mixed Dementia: Individuals may experience more than one type of dementia in the brain, especially if they are over 80. “It is not always obvious that a person has mixed dementia since the symptoms of one type of dementia may be most prominent or may overlap with symptoms of another type,” the CDC notes. When there is more than one
type of dementia, the disease can progress much more quickly.
3 How Do I Know I Have It?
There are many symptoms of dementia, according to the CDC, with many of them outlined above. The most common are memory loss, issues with paying attention, communication problems, reasoning, judgment, problem-solving issues, and visual perception beyond typical age-related changes in vision.Specific signs that can point to dementia include getting lost in a familiar neighborhood, using unusual words to refer to familiar objects, forgetting the name of a close family member or friend, forgetting old memories, or not being able to complete tasks independently.
4 Here Are the Top Contributing Factors
According to the CDC, there are many risk factors of dementia.
Age: The older you get, the more likely you are to develop dementia.
Family history: Dementia runs in the family, according to the CDC.
“Those who have parents or siblings with dementia are more likely to develop dementia themselves,” they explain.
Race/Ethnicity: According to the CDC, older African Americans are twice as likely to have dementia than whites, while Hispanics are 1.5 times more likely to have dementia than whites.
Heart Health: Those with poor cardiovascular health are more likely
to develop dementia. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, and
smoking can all play a role.
Traumatic Brain Injury: “Head injuries can increase the risk of dementia,
especially if they are severe or occur repeatedly,” the CDC says.
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5 What Are the Major Causes?
According to the CDC, the number one contributing factor for dementia is increasing age, with most cases impacting those 65 and over. The second? Family history.
6 How to Prevent It
While in most cases, dementia is not preventable, Dr. Fredericks explains that there
are a lot of contributing factors that you may be able to do something about, “including improving your level of exercise (especially cardiovascular fitness), decreasing heavy alcohol use, improving your sleep (and treating sleep apnea, if present), eating well
(a Mediterranean diet seems to be especially helpful), A Greek nutritionist shares 6 tips that make following the Mediterranean diet easy and making sure you are working with your doctors to keep a close eye on chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes,” she explains. The Alzheimer’s Association has detailed the best practices to prevent dementia in 10 Ways to Love Your Brain. “Growing evidence indicates that people can reduce their risk of cognitive decline by adopting key lifestyle habits,”
they explain.
7 How Is Dementia Treated?
Unfortunately, there is no cure for most types of dementia, including Alzheimer’s,
per the CDC. However, there are medications that can help protect the brain or
manage symptoms, including anxiety or behavior changes.
8 What to Do If You Notice Symptoms
If you believe you or a loved one is demonstrating symptoms of dementia, the NIH recommends contracting your medical provider for an assessment. “Don’t be afraid to get them checked out early!” encourages Dr. Fredericks. “Having an experienced physician evaluate you and determine whether there is a need for further testing—whether blood tests, brain imaging, or pen-&-paper neuropsychological testing—can help you identify the cause of your symptoms as early as possible (and reassure you if what you are experiencing is more likely the result of normal aging).”
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