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The #1 Cause of Marijuana Side Effects, Say Experts,
Marijuana is no longer the unfairly maligned vice of decades past. Today, more Americans than ever support its legalization and recreational use. Medical marijuana—which is now legal in 36 states—has science-supported benefits. But that doesn’t mean pot is completely harmless; no drug is. (Even the most familiar over-the-counter medications like aspirin and ibuprofen have side effects and contraindications.) In some people, marijuana can cause side effects that are unpleasant and even dangerous. This is the main reason why. Read on to find out more—and to ensure your health and the health of others, don’t miss Sure Signs You’ve Already Had COVID.
1. The #1 Cause of Marijuana Side Effects.
Marijuana contains an ingredient called THC, a.k.a. delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol. It’s psychoactive, meaning that it works on the brain. THC is responsible for many of marijuana’s most well-known side effects, from relaxation and appetite stimulation (the drug is prescribed to some chronically ill people who have lost their appetite) to some that may be distressing or harmful. Read on to find out more.
2. Sleep Problems.
According to research published last month in BMJ, recent marijuana users were 34% more likely to report short sleep duration—less than six hours a night—than non-users. People who used cannabis within the last 30 days
were also more likely to oversleep—meaning more than nine hours a night—compared to non-users. Recent marijuana users were also more likely to say they had difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping too much during the past two weeks. “Current evidence suggests that delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the other major cannabinoid present in most strains of cannabis, has stimulant and hallucinogenic properties contributing to sleep disruption,” the study’s authors wrote.
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3. Anxiety and Mental Health Issues.
A 2019 study published in The Lancet Psychiatry found that daily marijuana users were three times as likely to experience psychosis—losing touch with reality—than non-users. Several previous studies have associated marijuana use with anxiety and depression. “Marijuana should be used with caution if you have a mental health condition,” warns the Mayo Clinic. “Marijuana use might worsen manic symptoms in people who have bipolar disorder. If used frequently, marijuana might increase the risk of depression or worsen depression symptoms.”
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4. Heart Problems.
As THC moves from the lungs into the bloodstream, it can increase heart rate and blood pressure, raising the risk of heart attack and stroke. “Marijuana raises heart rate for up to three hours after smoking,” says the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). “This effect may increase the chance of heart attack. Older people and those with heart problems may be at higher risk.”
One study found that heart attack risk increases up to five times in the first hour after using marijuana.
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5. Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS).
Some heavy marijuana users experience severe queasiness, vomiting, and stomach pain. It’s called cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, or CHS. Experts estimate 2.7 million Americans experience the condition, which is frequently misdiagnosed. Last year, it was the subject of a “Medical Mysteries” column in the Washington Post. One study found that the cannabinoid receptors THC attaches to may cause reduced intestinal motility, or prevent the digestive system from doing its job, leading to nausea and vomiting.
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6. Risks to Fetal Development.
A recent study conducted by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that children of women who use cannabis during pregnancy have a greater risk for developmental and behavioral issues. “Maternal cannabis use is associated with increased cortisol, anxiety, aggression, and hyperactivity in young children,” the study’s authors wrote. “This corresponded with widespread reductions in immune-related gene expression in the placenta which correlated with anxiety and hyperactivity.” Adds NIDA: “With regular use, THC can reach amounts in breast milk that could affect the baby’s developing brain.” And to get through this pandemic at your healthiest, don’t miss these 35 Places You’re Most Likely to Catch COVID.
One major downside to this decision is the lack of information about the potential side effects of marijuana use. Because the federal government categorizes pot as having no medicinal value and a high likelihood for abuse, research grants related to weed consumption are sparse.
Even without a lot of research, though, experts do know that marijuana use is not totally consequence-free as it relates to people’s physical health and wellbeing. What are the Side Effects of Weed and Using Marijuana?
Some of the negative effects of weed and cannabis below might be controversial to some, but each person is different and will be impacted in their own individual way.
1. Addiction.
There’s long been a debate about whether pot is physically addictive and very little about whether it’s psychologically addictive. Both are true, especially as it concerns younger, long-term users who started their habit on potent strains with high THC, the psychoactive ingredient in weed.
2. Memory Loss.
A study that followed more than 3,000 American pot users over a 25-year period discovered that people who used weed on a daily basis for five years or more developed a “poorer verbal memory in middle age than people who didn’t smoke or smoked less.”
Many users will agree that they have had bouts of not remembering something that happened at some point while high.
3. Social Anxiety Disorders.
A committee appointed by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine assessed marijuana-usage data and reports that regular use can lead to mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and even schizophrenia.
4. Paranoia.
A study conducted at the University of Oxford found that the psychoactive element of pot, THC, can lead users to feel a sense of paranoia as a result of
the changes in their sensory perception. Sometimes the strain of marijuana smoked can have an impact in this area, with certain strains causing more paranoia than others.
5. Heart Damage.
Though the stereotype is that pot mellows people out, it can also significantly raise a person’s heart rate for up to three hours.
One study found that people who use pot are “26 percent more likely to have a stroke at some point in their lives than people who didn’t use marijuana.”
6. Lung Problems.
According to the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, pot has a similar range of chemicals to tobacco when smoked. Long-term use, notes the institute, increases the risk of serious respiratory issues, such as airway inflammation, wheezing and an increase in mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract.
7. Low Testosterone.
High levels of THC, found in many of the more modern strains of pot, do cause the body to produce lower levels of testosterone.
Low testosterone can lead to sluggishness, weight gain and a diminished libido among other side effects. Fortunately, testosterone levels generally return to normal when marijuana use is stopped.
8. Appetite Irregularities.
Cannabinoids affect cells in the brain that have to do with appetite. These cells, which normally tell the brain that the body is full, transform and cause feelings of hunger.
This can lead to weight gain, and there’s also anecdotal evidence that regular smokers sometimes experience a lack of any appetite unless they’re under the influence of THC, which can lead to weight loss.
9. Risk of Greater Potency.
With lax regulations on marijuana products, certain strains of marijuana
have incredibly high rates of THC compared to pot from just 20 years ago.
Between 2013 and 2014, shortly after Colorado legalized recreational weed, emergency room visits doubled, mostly as a result of potent edibles.
10. Decrease in Motor Responses.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reports that “marijuana significantly impairs motor coordination and reaction time,” which is a detriment, most especially while driving, but can be a factor in other types of preventable accidents as well.
11. Poor Decisions.
While there’s been no recorded fatal overdose as a result of weed, there’s no question that many people think differently while “high” as opposed to when they’re sober.
This doesn’t always lead to the best decisions, whether it’s eating too much, getting behind the wheel or deciding to stay “high” all the time.
Will Marijuana Addiction Become a Problem?
While marijuana is widely recognized as being much safer when compared to alcohol and other drugs, it can still cause many of the health issues described above.
Most marijuana users will agree that they have experienced some,
if not many of these negative side effects of weed at any given time.
Now that marijuana is recently legal in many parts of the country, time will tell if the most debated of these side effects – addiction – will become more serious than anyone expected.
Marijuana, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA),
is the most commonly used illicit drug in the country. However, the marijuana landscape in the United States has changed. Multiple states have legalized the sale and consumption of recreational weed. In addition, most states now allow the use of medicinal marijuana.
Nineteen states, including California, Vermont, Nevada, and Arizona, already have legalized marijuana for recreational use. So it’s simply a matter of time, suggest pro-pot advocates. Hopefully, states will take the initiative in performing valid studies on the adverse side effects of chronic, long-term marijuana use and not focus solely on revenue. After all, the lives of people are more critical than high profits.
70% of High School Seniors responded to the question of the side effects of smoking marijuana by answering, “No Side Effects.”
Even though the federal government still considers pot illegal, it would be shortsighted to expect state marijuana laws to revert.
From a public health standpoint, such widespread use of the drug has raised quite a few concerns, including:
Heavy use can stunt brain development in users until around the age of 25, when the brain reaches maturity
Reduces thinking, learning, and memory functions that can be permanent
Ongoing chronic use, one study suggests, results on average in an eight-point IQ loss between the ages of 13 and 38
.
Possibly cause breathing problems, which lead to an increased risk of chronic lung infections or lung-related illnesses
Raises the heart rate, which can increase the likelihood of heart attack, especially among older users or those with existing heart problems
Pregnant women that smoke weed risk causing both brain and behavioral issues in their child
Worsens mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and suicidal thoughts
On average, research suggests, one out of every 11 marijuana users become addicted to the drug.
An interesting point to remember:
Is that this is only the limited amount of information researchers have gathered. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) still lists marijuana as a Schedule I drug.
The University of Texas at Dallas conducted a study using MRI on subjects that do not use pot and those that use it three times a day. Assistant professor at UTD and founder of Advance MRI, Dr. Sina Aslan, said of the study’s results.
“…the structural connectivity or ‘wiring’ of the brain starts degrading with prolonged marijuana use.”
A fascinating 2015 Pew Research survey found that nearly 70 percent of U.S. citizens believe drinking alcohol regularly is more harmful to their health than smoking marijuana. Do we know enough about the long-term side effects of smoking weed to assume it is “better” for you than drinking alcohol? And why do so many people think smoking marijuana isn’t detrimental to your health?
Memory, Emotion, and Learning.
Specific characteristics are in chronic marijuana users:
Poor working memory (for example, forgetting how to install a car battery soon after being shown by a mechanic how to do it)
Impaired executive functioning (ability to manage time, plan, organize, and remember details)
A decline in cognitive processes (lower IQs than non-users)
Although over 400 chemical compounds are in marijuana, most of the side effects experienced are THC, the primary psychoactive substance in cannabis. Prevalent in the brain, cannabinoid receptors readily accept THC and facilitate its ability to induce neural changes in the brain that lead to alternations in various cognitive processes.
Neuroimaging studies investigating the effects of chronic pot use have found potentially permanent alterations in the brain structure of frequent marijuana smokers. Scientists are very interested in the hippocampal area of the brain. The hippocampus controls memory, emotion, and learning. Studies indicate that long-term adult cannabis users present reduced right hippocampus volume.
One study found that 60 percent of high school seniors think that smoking weed is harmless. There is, however, prominent science to the contrary, especially as it relates to teenagers and young people.
Another study involving young adults (18 to 20 years old), heavy marijuana users revealed the same adverse effects on hippocampal volume. Thus, researchers conclude that decreased hippocampal volume may also reinforce risk factors for young adults to develop severe cannabis dependence.
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, prescription pain pills, barbiturates, and marijuana all exhibit similar pharmacokinetic properties as marijuana, including Rapidly absorbed by the body.
Quick entrance into the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain)
High bioavailability (in other words, little of the drug once it enters the body)
Short half-lives (the effects of addictive drugs do not last long because they are quickly metabolized and eliminated by the body).
Addictive substances primarily target the brain.
Liver Disease
A 2005 literature review found that endocannabinoids may be “involved in several aspects of acute and chronic liver disease, including vascular changes, modulation of the inflammatory process and neurological function.”
Testicular Cancer
A 2012 study involving healthy men and men diagnosed with testicular cancer suggested a correlation between pot use and the risk of developing it.
Lung Disease.
Pooled analysis results published in the International Journal of Cancer did not find solid evidence that chronic pot-smoking increased a user’s risk for lung cancer. However, the report’s authors reiterated that “the possibility of potential adverse effects for heavy [marijuana] consumption is real.”
According to the American College of Cardiologists report, “Using marijuana raises the risk of stroke and heart failure even after accounting for demographic factors, other health conditions and lifestyle risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, according to research scheduled for presentation at the American College of Cardiology’s 66th Annual Scientific Session.”
Respiratory Disorders.
Longitudinal studies of habitual pot smokers indicate they experience multiple respiratory symptoms (wheezing, coughing, sputum) similar to those experienced by cigarette smokers. Moreover, bronchial biopsies of chronic cannabis and tobacco smokers show “significant bronchial mucosa histopathology,” or disorders of the bronchial tissues.
Part of the side effects of weed use is psychological and physical dependency. Statistically speaking, 9% of the people of use marijuana will become addicted to it. After continual use, it can become an intense obsession.
Addictiveness.
A bonafide condition is known as “Cannabis Use Disorder,” as defined by The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Millions of people meet the medical criteria for marijuana addiction and need treatment. Part of the criteria is known as “withdrawal,” the psychological and physical manifestations of stopping use.
Related:
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Teens Now Smoke More Marijuana Than Cigarettes
Structural and Functional Changes in the Brain from Addiction.
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